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		Case Studies in Toxicology: Polypharmacology Induces "Sleep Driving"
		This case study illustrates the role of toxicological weight-of-evidence WOE in a motor vehicle accident case involving multiple pharmaceuticals. It also illustrates how drug interactions can be considered evidential in a toxicological causation assessment. Multiple pharmaceutical interactions carry an imprecise risk of driving impairment. a On the... (more)

		Case Studies in Toxicology: Window Washer's Deadly Fall Due to Heroin Abuse?
		This case study summarizes a matter in which a window worker was killed while on the job, resulting in the filing of a lawsuit for negligence. It illustrates how toxicological interpretation of historical factors and application of peer-reviewed human studies can play a pivotal role in litigation. A window washer suddenly and unexpectedly fell to his... (more)

		Case Studies in Toxicology: Fatal Accident Caused by Long-Term Drug Use?
		This toxicological case study illustrates the methods and means by which presumed causation can be refuted through interpretation of objective scientific evidence. It summarizes the events following the death of an elderly man involved in a motor vehicle accident and demonstrates how pharmacological factors and behavior on the part of the defendant... (more)

		Case Studies in Toxicology: Acute Marijuana Intoxication
		Contributes to Fatal Motorcycle Accident This case study illustrates how circumstantial evidence can be misinterpreted and how drug-impaired judgment and behavior can be regarded as evidential in a toxicological causation assessment. Accident Summary A motorcyclist was fatally injured when he collided with a city bus in a business district. a,b A motorcyclist... (more)

		Professional Experience and Toxicological Specializations
		TCAS has assessed hundreds of different types of toxic substances and exposure effects. [a] TCAS provides professional, comprehensive forensic and environmental exposure analysis, risk assessments and causation determinations. With more than 30 years of hands-on experience, our cases cover a vast range of toxic exposure-related issues combining toxicological... (more)

		Home: Dr. William R. Sawyer, Toxicologist
		Ph.D., Dr. William R. Sawyer is an expert forensic toxicologist For more than 30 years expert toxicologist Dr. William R. Sawyer has been providing forensic toxicology consulting services and expert testimony. Dr. Sawyer has extensive experience... (more)

		About TCAS: Toxicology Consultants and Assessment Specialists, LLC
		Meet TCAS The TCAS team during a recent toxicological case review. [a] Founded in 1988 and led by Dr. William R. Sawyer, Toxicology Consultants and Assessment Specialists is a group of dedicated professionals working diligently to achieve stellar results for its clients by objectively assessing toxicological evidence and providing impartial reports... (more)

		CV: Curriculum Vitae: William R. Sawyer, Ph.D.,
		Introduction Dr. William Sawyer is a professional toxicologist with a doctorate in toxicology from Indiana University School of Medicine. He with more than 30 years of experience in public health and forensic toxicology including five years of governmental... (more)

		Glossary of Toxicological Terms and Phrases
		1 absorption. The taking up of a chemical into the body either orally, through inhalation or via skin exposure. acute toxicity. An immediate toxic response following a single or short-term exposure to an agent or dose. additive effect. When exposure to more than one toxic agent results in the same effect as would be predicted by the sum of the effects... (more)

		TCAS ALM Display: Human Health Risk Assessments
		TCAS, LLC, has a strong 28-year service record and accomplished reputation for combining innovative scientific expertise and generally-accepted, peer-reviewed methodology to assess human health risks in industrial settings, product safety assessments, governmental health risk assessments and in civil litigation matters. Dr. Sawyer has been at the center... (more)

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This is an informational and instructional website devoted to toxicology. It presents both original and edited public-domain content compiled as a useful educational resource. References and footnotes have been included wherever possible and image sources have been cited where appropriate. Although most pages can be printed or downloaded as PDF files (and we encourage you to make constructive use of our information), this website is copyrighted and material may only be reproduced and/or distributed with prior permission from TCAS, LLC.