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		Toxic Substances
		The US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ATSDR has published a vast body of information covering a wide range of toxic substances. 1 To provide easy reference and present uniform instructional information, we have defined the following six 6 areas covering specific toxic exposure-related issues in which TCAS has developed extensive expertise... (more)

		Toxic Substances: Consumer Product Toxicology
		Consumer product toxicology involves a wide range of chemical and biological compounds. a Consumer product toxicology evaluations involve a wide range of chemical and biological compounds. With respect to toxicity, the manner in which consumer products are used can be just as important as the chemicals in the products. For example, ammonia and chlorine... (more)

		Hazardous Substances: Industrial Chemical Toxicology
		Overview Each chemical has different toxicological properties and characteristics [a] There are tens of thousands of different industrial chemicals manufactured, stored and transported throughout the U.S. and the rest of the world. Each substance has different toxicological properties and physical characteristics. Some industrial chemicals can pose... (more)

		Hazardous Substances: Toxicology of Hydrocarbons
		Overview TCAS has broad experience assessing the health effects of hydrocarbons [a] Hydrocarbons are a class of organic chemical compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon. Although hydrocarbons all possess structural similarities, there is a vast spectrum of compounds and each has different physical, chemical and reactive properties. Similarly,... (more)

		Case Studies in Toxicology: Cleaning Chemical Exposure
		This case study recounts the circumstances surrounding a woman's claims that exposure to a chemical stripping agent caused burns, infection and damage to her immune system. The outcome illustrates the importance of validating claims against medical history and assessing toxicological factors according to the peer-reviewed literature to establish reasonable... (more)

		Case Studies in Toxicology: Toxicological Assessment of Phosphoric Acid
		This case study summarizes the events leading up to and following the filing of a lawsuit by a woman against her employer for an injury allegedly suffered as a consequence of a toxic exposure to a cleaning chemical. It illustrates the important role a toxicological assessment can play in litigation and demonstrates how inference and assumption can... (more)

		Case Studies in Toxicology: Toxic Tort: Trichloroethylene in Residential Water Supply
		This case study summarizes the events surrounding the filing of a lawsuit by residents against a company for allegedly contaminating the local water supply with trichloroethylene, a chemical used in industrial cleaning and degreasing. It further illustrates how exposure evidence, historical factors, a residential questionnaire and a toxicological risk... (more)

		Professional Experience and Toxicological Specializations
		TCAS has assessed hundreds of different types of toxic substances and exposure effects. [a] TCAS provides professional, comprehensive forensic and environmental exposure analysis, risk assessments and causation determinations. With more than 30 years of hands-on experience, our cases cover a vast range of toxic exposure-related issues combining toxicological... (more)

		Home: Dr. William R. Sawyer, Toxicologist
		Ph.D., Dr. William R. Sawyer is an expert forensic toxicologist For more than 30 years expert toxicologist Dr. William R. Sawyer has been providing forensic toxicology consulting services and expert testimony. Dr. Sawyer has extensive experience... (more)

		Site Map
		Toxicology Consultants and Assessment Specialists, LLC TCAS has devoted its website to the role of the expert toxicologist and the science of toxicology. The following pages present both original and edited public-domain information compiled as a useful educational resource. This site map is a content reference intended to assist with rapid location... (more)

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This is an informational and instructional website devoted to toxicology. It presents both original and edited public-domain content compiled as a useful educational resource. References and footnotes have been included wherever possible and image sources have been cited where appropriate. Although most pages can be printed or downloaded as PDF files (and we encourage you to make constructive use of our information), this website is copyrighted and material may only be reproduced and/or distributed with prior permission from TCAS, LLC.