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		Toxic Substances: Toxicology of Heavy Metals
		Heavy Metal Pathways adapted from 1995 U.S. Geological Survey Circular [a] TCAS has been providing heavy metal consultative and toxicological assessment services for more than 30 years. Although some heavy metals are necessary ingredients in a healthy body, heavy metal contamination can cause a wide range of adverse health effects. Unlike organic pollutants,... (more)

		Toxic Substances: Alcohol Toxicology
		TCAS provides alcohol-related toxicological assessment services. a For more than 30 years, TCAS has regularly provided consultative and professional services involving alcohol toxicology . One of the world's most commonly abused drugs, ethanol ethyl alcohol is a leading contributor to morbidity across cultures. Although low to moderate alcohol consumption... (more)

		Toxic Substances: Drugs of Abuse
		Drugs of abuse are well-documented in the peer-reviewed toxicological literature. a TCAS has provided toxicological guidance, written assessments and expert testimony in hundreds of drug-related cases. Virtually all drugs of abuse are well-documented in the peer-reviewed toxicological literature with clearly-established endpoints. However, drugs of... (more)

		Toxic Substances: Toxicology of Pharmaceuticals
		TCAS has broad experience with pharmaceutical toxicology. a TCAS has wide experience with pharmaceutical toxicology and has performed many assessments involving prescription medications, drugs of abuse, vaccines and over-the-counter preparations. Although pharmaceutical use can be a significant toxicological factor in a variety of claims, the real... (more)

		Toxic Substances: Consumer Product Toxicology
		Consumer product toxicology involves a wide range of chemical and biological compounds. a Consumer product toxicology evaluations involve a wide range of chemical and biological compounds. With respect to toxicity, the manner in which consumer products are used can be just as important as the chemicals in the products. For example, ammonia and chlorine... (more)

		Hazardous Substances: Metals and Compounds
		Overview Metals and compounds all possess unique toxicological properties [a] Metals and compounds represent a special class of hazardous substances in that they each possess physical properties unique to that substance and impose specific, well-documented toxicological effects. Heavy metals in particular can pose significant and persistent environmental... (more)

		Case Studies in Toxicology: Polypharmacology Induces "Sleep Driving"
		This case study illustrates the role of toxicological weight-of-evidence WOE in a motor vehicle accident case involving multiple pharmaceuticals. It also illustrates how drug interactions can be considered evidential in a toxicological causation assessment. Multiple pharmaceutical interactions carry an imprecise risk of driving impairment. a On the... (more)

		Professional Experience and Toxicological Specializations
		TCAS has assessed hundreds of different types of toxic substances and exposure effects. [a] TCAS provides professional, comprehensive forensic and environmental exposure analysis, risk assessments and causation determinations. With more than 30 years of hands-on experience, our cases cover a vast range of toxic exposure-related issues combining toxicological... (more)

		Home: Dr. William R. Sawyer, Toxicologist
		Ph.D., Dr. William R. Sawyer is an expert forensic toxicologist For more than 30 years expert toxicologist Dr. William R. Sawyer has been providing forensic toxicology consulting services and expert testimony. Dr. Sawyer has extensive experience... (more)

		CV: Curriculum Vitae: William R. Sawyer, Ph.D.,
		Introduction Dr. William Sawyer is a professional toxicologist with a doctorate in toxicology from Indiana University School of Medicine. He with more than 30 years of experience in public health and forensic toxicology including five years of governmental... (more)

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